A critical security flaw in Microsoft Entra ID could have allowed attackers to impersonate Global Administrators across any cloud tenant. Microsoft has now patched the issue, stopping what could have been one of the most severe identity vulnerabilities in recent history.
Quick Summary – TLDR:
- A vulnerability (CVE‑2025‑55241) in Microsoft Entra ID allowed Actor tokens and a flaw in the Azure AD Graph API to be abused for cross‑tenant Global Admin impersonation.
- The tokens bypassed key protections like Conditional Access, Multi Factor Authentication, and logging, leaving almost no trace.
- Microsoft patched the flaw within days of discovery, with no customer action required.
- Organizations are urged to retire Azure AD Graph API and migrate to Microsoft Graph.
What Happened?
Security researcher Dirk‑jan Mollema, founder of Outsider Security, discovered a serious flaw in Microsoft Entra ID that allowed cross-tenant impersonation of users, including Global Admins, using legacy Actor tokens and a broken validation mechanism in the deprecated Azure AD Graph API.
On July 14, 2025, Mollema reported the issue to Microsoft. It was assigned CVE‑2025‑55241 with a CVSS score of 10.0, the highest possible. Microsoft patched the issue globally by July 17.
The exploit leveraged two things: Actor tokens issued by Microsoft’s Access Control Service and a legacy API that failed to properly check the source tenant of those tokens.
🚨Detect Actor Token Abuse (#CVE-2025-55241)
— Mehmet Ergene (@Cyb3rMonk) September 19, 2025
After verifying the details with @_dirkjan, I created a query to detect Actor Token abuse, regardless of the activity involved. The idea is simple: If these activities are S2S, they should originate from Microsoft service IPs. 🧐… pic.twitter.com/RCnRLzqU7M
Technical Impact
An attacker with no special privileges could use their own Entra ID tenant to generate an Actor token. They could then use this token to impersonate any user in another tenant, including Global Admins.
Because Actor tokens are not signed, valid for 24 hours, non-revocable, and bypass Conditional Access and MFA, they posed a significant security risk.
There was no logging when these tokens were created or used, and no alerts were triggered during impersonation. The only log entry might occur if the attacker modified the target tenant, such as by creating new users or altering configurations.
Microsoft’s Response and Fix
Microsoft confirmed and patched the flaw in just three days. The company also began rolling out mitigations that prevent third-party apps from requesting Actor tokens for the Azure AD Graph API.
Microsoft is also moving ahead with the retirement of the Azure AD Graph API, encouraging all users to migrate to Microsoft Graph, which offers better validation and stronger logging.
Importantly, Microsoft said it has no evidence that the vulnerability was exploited in the wild.
What Organizations Should Do?
- Verify that your tenant is up-to-date with Microsoft’s fix
- Audit all applications still relying on Azure AD Graph API and plan migration to Microsoft Graph
- Review logs for suspicious Global Admin activity, especially around user creation, role changes, or application permissions
- Enforce least privilege access across all service principals and user roles
- Stay updated on Microsoft’s retirement timeline for legacy identity APIs
Broader Implications
This incident highlights the danger of legacy systems and undocumented internal tools. The Actor token system, meant for internal use, created a backdoor that allowed complete tenant compromise with no visibility to the victim.
It also exposes how logging gaps and cross-service assumptions can weaken even highly secure environments. Conditional Access and MFA, while robust, were not effective in this case because the attack vector sat outside the usual identity flow.
Organizations must ensure they fully understand and monitor any third-party or legacy dependencies that touch authentication and identity services.
SQ Magazine Takeaway
I think this flaw is one of the scariest identity bugs we’ve seen in years. The idea that someone could quietly impersonate your Global Admin, make changes, and walk away without a trace is just chilling. It’s a clear sign that legacy APIs, no matter how hidden, can become open doors if not retired.
If you’re still using Azure AD Graph, stop everything and move to Microsoft Graph today. Identity is the front door to everything in the cloud. And we just learned how easily that door could have been kicked open.
