--- title: "TikTok Music Statistics 2026: Discovery, Charts and Streaming" date: 2026-05-14 author: "Robert A. Lee" featured_image: "https://sqmagazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/tiktok-music-statistics.jpg" categories: - name: "Internet" url: "/internet.md" tags: - name: "Statistics" url: "/tag/statistics.md" --- # TikTok Music Statistics 2026: Discovery, Charts and Streaming 84% of songs that entered Billboard’s Global 200 in 2024 went TikTok-viral first, with another 12% catching fire on the app after hitting the chart, and only 4% never experiencing a [TikTok](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/tiktok-statistics/) moment. TikTok’s Add to Music App tool then surpassed 6 billion track saves in the past year, according to TikTok’s April 24, 2026, newsroom update, with those saves translating into billions of streams across Spotify, Apple Music, Amazon Music, YouTube Music, SoundCloud, Tidal, and Deezer. Across our 70+ social-platform statistics pages, the same pattern repeats: user growth slows, but engagement depth increases. TikTok’s music funnel is the cleanest example of that shift. ## Key Takeaways - **84%** of songs that entered Billboard’s Global 200 in 2024 went TikTok-viral first, per the Music Impact Report. - **6 billion** tracks were saved through TikTok’s save-to-streaming feature in the past 12 months, according to TikTok’s April 2026 newsroom announcement. - **8 of the 10** Billboard No.1 songs of 2025 had a viral TikTok moment first, per TikTok’s Year in Music 2025 wrap. - **56%** of independent artists named TikTok the most important platform for their growth in Ditto Music’s annual artist survey, ahead of [Spotify](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/spotify-statistics/) at **16%**. - Americans on TikTok are **68%** more likely than the general population to hold a [paid music streaming subscription](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/music-streaming-statistics/), and they spend **46%** more on music each month. - Luminate found a statistically significant link between TikTok engagement and [on-demand streaming](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/streaming-statistics/) for **96%** of artists studied, with TikTok-Correlated Artists growing streams **11%** week-over-week versus a **3%** baseline. ## Editor’s Choice - **30 billion** views and **12 million** creations using KATSEYE’s music made the group TikTok’s Global Artist of the Year in 2025. - **9.8 million** creations and **23.6 billion** views drove “Golden” by EJAE to #1 on both Billboard’s Hot 100 and Global 200 and past **1 billion** Spotify streams. - **10.4 million** creations and **51.6 billion** views accompanied Doechii’s “Anxiety” after she re-released the 2019 demo in March 2025. - **1.1 billion** Spotify streams pushed Sombr’s “back to friends” into the Spotify Billions Club in October 2025. - **130 million** Spotify streams and a five-week run on the Global 200 followed the TikTok-driven revival of Connie Francis’s 1962 ballad “Pretty Little Baby”. - **6 million** creations and **16 billion** clip views made “Die On This Hill” by Sienna Spiro the most-saved AMA track globally over 12 months. ## Recent Developments - **April 24, 2026:** TikTok announced its save-to-streaming tool had passed **6 billion** saves in the past year, with Sienna Spiro’s “Die On This Hill” topping the global save chart. - **April 2026:** TikTok confirmed the AMA partner roster has reached 7 platforms, with the addition of YouTube Music and SoundCloud completing the major-streamer integration set. - **Late 2025:** TikTok’s Year in Music 2025 named KATSEYE Global Artist of the Year and credited TikTok with breaking out Alex Warren, Ravyn Lenae, sombr, and Lola Young. - **February 13, 2025**: TikTok and Luminate published the Music Impact Report, confirming the **84%** viral-first chart entry rate and the **27%** music-super-fan share within TikTok’s U.S. audience. - **November 28, 2024**: TikTok Music, the standalone streaming service launched in July 2023, shut down across all 5 markets where it operated (Indonesia, Brazil, Australia, Singapore, Mexico). - **May 2, 2024**: Universal Music Group and TikTok announced a new licensing agreement covering “improved remuneration” and AI protections, ending a three-month catalog blackout. ## How TikTok Drives Song Discovery - Americans on TikTok are **74%** more likely to discover and share new music on social and SFV platforms than the average vertical-video user, per the 2024 Luminate study. - **27%** of TikTok’s U.S. audience self-identifies as music super fans, nearly double the **15%** rate in the general U.S. population. - **68%** of the time spent on vertical-video apps involves music-dependent clips like lip-syncs and dance challenges, according to IFPI’s Engaging with Music 2023 report. - Music is central to **54%** of all time spent watching videos on those apps. - Among 16-24-year-olds globally, IFPI found short clips are the most popular daily way to engage with music, ahead of audio subscription services and [YouTube](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/youtube-statistics-2/). - Luminate’s TikTok study covered thousands of artists across multiple genres and career stages, drawing on its industry music consumption panel data combined with TikTok engagement metrics. - In the same Luminate study, **73%** of the U.S. TikTok audience does not self-identify as super fans, leaving substantial room for the platform’s discovery funnel to deepen its catalog reach. Discovery metric (2024 to 2025)ValueSourceLikelihood US TikTok users discover/share new music vs avg SFV user+74%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact Report 2024US TikTok users identifying as music super fans27%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact Report 2024General US population identifying as music super fans15%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact Report 2024Time on short-form video apps spent on music-dependent videos68%IFPI Engaging with Music 2023Total time on SFV apps where music is central54%IFPI Engaging with Music 2023Top daily music engagement channel for 16-24-year-oldsShort-form videoIFPI Engaging with Music 2023*Source: TikTok Newsroom, Luminate, IFPI* For a broader platform context, our [TikTok usage statistics](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/tiktok-usage-statistics/) cover overall user growth and engagement metrics that frame this discovery share. ## TikTok’s Influence on Billboard Charts - **84%** of the songs that entered the Global 200 chart in 2024 went TikTok-viral before they charted. - An additional **12%** of 2024 chart entrants caught fire on the app after hitting the Global 200. - Only **4%** of Billboard Global 200 tracks in 2024 had no viral TikTok moment at all. - **8 of the 10** Billboard No.1 songs in 2025 had a TikTok-viral moment first, according to TikTok’s Year in Music 2025. - TikTok-Correlated Artists average **11%** week-over-week streaming growth, compared with **3%** for non-correlated artists. - Luminate measured the streaming lift within **3 days** of a peak in TikTok activity for **96%** of the artist sample. - “Golden” by EJAE topped both Billboard’s Hot 100 and Global 200 after generating **9.8 million** TikTok creations and **23.6 billion** views. Chart-impact metric2024 valueSourceBillboard Global 200 entrants viral on TikTok first84%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact ReportGlobal 200 entrants viral on TikTok after charting12%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact ReportGlobal 200 entrants with no viral TikTok moment4%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact ReportBillboard No.1 songs in 2025 with prior TikTok virality8 of 10TikTok Year in Music 2025Streaming growth: TikTok-Correlated Artists (week-over-week)11%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact ReportStreaming growth: non-correlated artists (week-over-week)3%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact ReportArtists with statistically significant TikTok and streaming link96%Luminate case study*Source: TikTok Newsroom, Luminate* > **Key finding:** According to the Music Impact Report (TikTok with Luminate, published February 13 2025), **84%** of songs that entered the Global 200 in 2024 first went TikTok-viral, while **12%** went viral after charting and just **4%** never had a TikTok moment. The pattern reframes the app as a chart leading indicator rather than a downstream amplifier. The TikTok-to-charts pipeline now operates faster than the broader social media engagement cycles documented in our [TikTok vs Instagram comparison data](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/tiktok-vs-instagram-statistics/), where Instagram’s discovery loop typically depends on creator collaborations rather than algorithmic music surfacing. ## Add to Music App: From TikTok to Streaming Services - TikTok’s Add to Music App passed **6 billion** track saves in the **12 months** ending April 2026, per TikTok’s newsroom announcement. - An earlier report milestone recorded more than **1 billion** track saves since the feature’s 2024 rollout. - Across the full lifetime of the feature, the save-to-streaming tool had crossed **3 billion** total saves by late 2024, per trade-press reporting on TikTok partner data. - The AMA tool now connects with **7** streaming partners: Spotify, Apple Music, Amazon Music, YouTube Music, SoundCloud, Tidal, and Deezer. - The most-saved track over the past 12 months globally was “Die On This Hill” by Sienna Spiro, with **6 million** TikTok creations and **16 billion** video views. - TikTok stated the **6 billion** saves represented “billions of streams” across premium music streaming services. - The **8**-percentage-point gap between TikTok-Correlated Artists’ **11%** week-over-week streaming growth and non-correlated artists’ **3%** baseline is the clearest measured advantage attributable to TikTok activity in 2024. ![Track Saves and Video Views Growth in Music Apps](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/track-saves-and-video-views-growth-in-music-apps.jpg "Track Saves and Video Views Growth in Music Apps") For context on where those saves end up, our [Spotify user growth data](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/spotify-user-statistics/) tracks the streaming side of the funnel, where TikTok-driven discovery now contributes a measurable share of incremental plays. ## Money: How TikTok Users Spend on Music - U.S. music listeners who use TikTok are **68%** more likely than the general U.S. population to hold a paid music streaming subscription. - Americans on TikTok spend **46%** more money on music each month than the average U.S. music listener. - **27%** of TikTok’s U.S. audience qualifies as music super fans. - The **15%** super-fan share in the general U.S. population is the comparison baseline. - TikTok’s audience is roughly **1.8x** as likely to be music super fans as the general U.S. population. - U.S. TikTok users are **68%** more likely to subscribe to a paid music streaming service than the U.S. general population, and spend **46%** more on music monthly than the average U.S. music listener. Spending and subscription metric (US, 2024)TikTok users vs general populationSourceLikelihood of paid streaming subscription+68%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact ReportMonthly music spend+46%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact ReportMusic super fan rate27% vs 15%TikTok / Luminate Music Impact ReportSuper fan likelihood ratio~1.8xDerived from Music Impact Report*Source: TikTok Newsroom, Luminate* The same algorithmic-discovery pattern shows up across our [AI in social media data](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/ai-in-social-media-tools-statistics/), where recommendation systems shape creator monetization on every major platform. ## Independent Artists and TikTok - **56%** of independent artists named TikTok the most important platform for moving the needle on their careers in Ditto Music’s annual artist survey. - **16%** of the same artist sample named Spotify as their most important growth platform. - **15%** named Instagram. - **13%** named YouTube. - TikTok beat Spotify by a **40**-percentage-point margin among independent artists in terms of ranking growth platforms. - Luminate’s panel covered artists across multiple genres, geographies, and career stages. - The Luminate study’s 11% TikTok-Correlated Artist streaming-growth rate aligns with the Ditto survey’s finding that more than half of independent artists prioritize TikTok over Spotify for promotion. ![Music Discovery Platforms Ranked By Artist Growth Impact](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/music-discovery-platforms-ranked-by-artist-growth-impact.jpg "Music Discovery Platforms Ranked by Artist Growth Impact") This dynamic mirrors broader Gen Z platform preferences captured in our [Gen Z social media usage statistics](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/gen-z-social-media-statistics/), where TikTok consistently outranks Instagram and YouTube on time-spent and discovery metrics among 16-24-year-olds. ## TikTok’s Breakout Songs and Artists - TikTok credited Alex Warren, Ravyn Lenae, sombr, and Lola Young as **4** newcomer artists broken out by the platform in 2025. - KATSEYE earned Global Artist of the Year with **30 billion** views and **12 million** creations using their music in 2025. - EJAE’s “Golden” generated **9.8 million** creations and **23.6 billion** views, topped both Billboard’s Hot 100 and Global 200, and crossed **1 billion** Spotify streams. - Doechii re-released “Anxiety” in March 2025 after fans rediscovered the 2019 demo, sparking **10.4 million** video creations and **51.6 billion** views. - Sombr’s “back to friends” surpassed **1.1 billion** Spotify streams and joined the Spotify Billions Club in October 2025. - Connie Francis’s 1962 ballad “Pretty Little Baby” was revived through TikTok virality and reached **130 million** Spotify streams plus **5 weeks** on the Global 200 chart. - The combined creator output for KATSEYE, EJAE, and Doechii alone exceeded **32 million** TikTok creations in 2025. ![Top Tiktok Songs By Creations And Views](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/top-tiktok-songs-by-creations-and-views.jpg "Top TikTok Songs by Creations and Views") > **By the numbers:** TikTok’s Year in Music 2025 reported that **8 of the top 10** Billboard No.1 songs of the year had a viral TikTok moment first, and that breakout newcomers Alex Warren, Ravyn Lenae, sombr, and Lola Young rose through the same discovery funnel; sombr’s “back to friends” then crossed **1.1 billion** Spotify streams, joining the Spotify Billions Club in October 2025. The breakout pattern matches what we see in our [social media attention span data](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/social-media-attention-span-statistics/): songs that earn a 5-to-15-second loop of attention on TikTok consistently translate into longer-form streaming behavior on Spotify and Apple Music. ## TikTok Music: The Streaming Service That Lasted 17 Months - TikTok Music launched in July 2023 as a music streaming app owned by ByteDance. - TikTok Music shut down on November 28 2024, ending the service in all markets where it had launched. - TikTok Music was available in **5 markets**: Indonesia, Brazil, Australia, Singapore, and Mexico. - TikTok Music replaced ByteDance’s earlier streaming service Resso in Brazil and Indonesia; Resso had operated since 2020 in India, Brazil, and Indonesia and was banned in India. - In February 2024, TikTok Music was forced to remove all recordings by UMG artists and songwriters following the licensing dispute. - “to focus on furthering TikTok’s role in driving even greater music listening and value on music streaming services.” Those words came from Ole Obermann, TikTok’s global head of music business development, in the September 2024 statement announcing the shutdown. - TechCrunch reported the shutdown announcement on September 24, 2024, two months ahead of the closure. - TikTok Music operated for approximately **17 months** end-to-end before being wound down. TikTok Music milestoneDateSourceService launchJuly 2023TikTok / Wikipedia / TechCrunchMarkets at peak5 (Indonesia, Brazil, Australia, Singapore, Mexico)Wikipedia / TechCrunchUMG catalog removalFebruary 2024WikipediaShutdown announcementSeptember 24 2024TechCrunchFinal shutdown dateNovember 28 2024Wikipedia / TechCrunchTotal operating window~17 monthsDerived*Source: TikTok Newsroom, TechCrunch, Wikipedia* ## The Universal Music Group Standoff - Universal Music Group’s prior licensing agreement with TikTok expired on January 31 2024. - Approximately **3 million** UMG sound recordings became unlicensed for use on TikTok starting February 1 2024. - An additional approximately **4 million** songs from Universal Music Publishing’s catalog became unlicensed on March 1, 2024. - UMG and TikTok announced a new multi-dimensional licensing agreement on May 2 2024. - The new agreement covered “improved remuneration” for UMG songwriters and artists and industry-leading protections related to generative AI. - The dispute lasted approximately **3 months** end-to-end, per HBS research on the silent period. - The combined UMG sound-recording and publishing catalog removed from TikTok totaled approximately **7 million** works at the dispute’s peak. UMG and TikTok timeline (2024)EventJanuary 31 2024UMG and TikTok licensing agreement expiresFebruary 1 2024~3 million UMG sound recordings unlicensed on TikTokMarch 1 2024~4 million UMG publishing songs unlicensed on TikTokMay 2 2024New multi-dimensional UMG and TikTok licensing agreement announced~3 monthsTotal duration of the catalog blackout*Source: PR Newswire (UMG / TikTok joint release), Harvard Business School Library* > **By the numbers:** According to the joint PR Newswire release on May 2 2024, Universal Music Group and TikTok ended a roughly three-month catalog blackout with a multi-dimensional agreement covering “improved remuneration” for songwriters and artists plus generative-AI protections. HBS researchers documented that approximately **7 million** UMG sound recordings and publishing works had been removed from TikTok during the dispute. ## Listener Behavior on Short-Form Video - Music plays a role in **68%** of all time spent on vertical-video apps, according to IFPI’s Engaging with Music 2023 study covering 26 markets. - Music is central to **54%** of the total time spent watching clips on those apps. - 16-24-year-olds report TikTok-style clips as their #1 daily way to engage with music, ahead of audio subscription streaming and YouTube. - Americans on TikTok are **74%** more likely to discover and share new music on social and SFV platforms than the average vertical-video user. - Luminate’s case study confirmed a statistically significant relationship between TikTok engagement and on-demand streaming for **96%** of artists studied. - On average, those artists saw an **11%** increase in on-demand music streams within **3 days** of a TikTok engagement peak. - The IFPI finding that music drives the majority of vertical-clip time positions TikTok and similar apps as audio-first products in practice, despite their video-first product framing. ![Short-Form Video Music Usage and Streaming Lift Trends](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/short-form-video-music-usage-and-streaming-lift-trends.jpg "Short-Form Video Music Usage and Streaming Lift Trends") These engagement dynamics are consistent with the patterns documented in our [social media screen time statistics](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/social-media-screen-time-statistics/), where vertical-video apps consistently capture more daily attention than long-form video or audio-only formats. Genre breakouts also feed broader social-media engagement loops. See our [Instagram follower data](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/instagram-followers-statistics/) for parallel patterns in how artist accounts grow alongside song virality on adjacent platforms. ## Genre Mix on TikTok - TikTok’s Year in Music 2025 highlighted breakout artists across multiple genres, including hip-hop (Doechii), indie pop (sombr), R&B (Ravyn Lenae), and global pop (KATSEYE). - EJAE’s “Golden”, from the K-pop and animated film franchise KPop Demon Hunters, illustrates the TikTok-to-chart pipeline for soundtrack and global-pop crossover tracks. - Connie Francis’s “Pretty Little Baby” demonstrates the platform’s catalog-revival capacity, taking a **1962** recording to a five-week Billboard Global 200 run in 2025. - The report’s chart-impact share of **84%** applies across genres rather than to any single category, signaling broad TikTok influence on the Global 200. - Luminate’s analysis included artists across multiple genres, geographies, and career stages, finding the TikTok-to-streaming relationship significant for **96%** of the panel. - **27%** of TikTok’s U.S. audience qualifies as music super fans. - The 2025 breakout slate of Alex Warren, Ravyn Lenae, sombr, and Lola Young spans country-influenced pop, R&B, indie, and alt-pop, suggesting TikTok’s discovery funnel does not over-index on a single genre lane. Genre / catalog signal (2025)ExampleOutcomeSoundtrack / global-pop crossover“Golden” by EJAE\#1 Billboard Hot 100 and Global 200, 1B+ Spotify streamsHip-hop re-release“Anxiety” by Doechii10.4M creations, 51.6B viewsIndie pop breakout“back to friends” by sombrSpotify Billions Club, October 2025Catalog revival (1962 recording)“Pretty Little Baby” by Connie Francis130M+ Spotify streams, 5 weeks on Global 200Global-pop group / Artist of the YearKATSEYE30B views, 12M creationsCountry and pop crossover newcomerAlex WarrenTikTok-attributed 2025 breakout*Source: TikTok Newsroom* Royalty structures hinge on accurate data infrastructure. Our [App Store statistics](https://sqmagazine.co.uk/app-store-statistics/) cover comparable platform-economics frameworks for in-app revenue collection across mobile distribution. ## How TikTok Royalties Compare to Traditional Streaming - TikTok’s **$179 million** in recorded-music payouts to rightsholders in 2021, the most recent figure widely cited from Goldman Sachs’s Music in the Air report. - TikTok royalties have historically been view-based on videos using a track rather than per-stream, which means a single viral clip generates one royalty event regardless of how many times the track loops within it. - In May 2024, the UMG and TikTok agreement specifically covered “improved remuneration” for UMG songwriters and artists, indicating both parties acknowledged the prior payout structure was a sticking point. - **6 billion** save-to-streaming actions over 12 months illustrate the alternative monetization path: TikTok pushes listeners onto streaming services that do pay per-stream royalties. - Luminate’s measurement of **11%** week-over-week streaming growth for TikTok-Correlated Artists quantifies that handoff effect at the artist level. - The economic argument TikTok now makes to labels is asymmetric: TikTok’s own royalty pool is small, but the streaming consumption it drives onto Spotify and Apple Music sits inside the major-label revenue base. - The post-2024 UMG agreement and parallel licensing deals across other major labels reflect the industry’s acceptance of TikTok’s discovery-to-streaming role as a primary distribution model. Royalty / payout signalValue / contextSourceTikTok recorded-music payout to rightsholders, 2021~$179 millionGoldman Sachs Music in the Air (cited via TikTok Newsroom)Royalty modelView-based on videos using the trackIndustry standard practiceUMG and TikTok 2024 deal language“Improved remuneration” + AI protectionsPR Newswire (UMG / TikTok joint release)Add to Music App saves, past 12 months6 billionTikTok Newsroom, April 2026Streaming lift for TikTok-Correlated Artists+11% week-over-weekLuminate case study*Source: TikTok Newsroom, PR Newswire, Luminate* ## Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) **How much music discovery happens on TikTok compared to other platforms?**According to TikTok and Luminate’s joint report published February 13 2025, Americans on TikTok are 74% likelier to discover and share new music on social and SFV platforms than the average vertical-video user. IFPI’s Engaging with Music 2023 study found TikTok-style clips are the top daily music engagement channel among 16-24-year-olds globally, ahead of audio streaming subscriptions and YouTube. **How many songs went viral on TikTok before charting on Billboard?**TikTok and Luminate’s report found that 84% of songs that entered the Global 200 in 2024 went TikTok-viral first; an additional 12% caught fire on the app after entering the chart, and just 4% had no viral TikTok moment at all. TikTok’s Year in Music 2025 added that 8 of the 10 Billboard No.1 songs in 2025 had a TikTok-viral moment first, reinforcing the pattern. **What is TikTok’s Add to Music App, and how big is it?**Add to Music App is a TikTok feature that lets users save tracks they hear in videos directly to their preferred streaming service. TikTok announced on April 24, 2026, that the feature had passed 6 billion track saves in the past 12 months, connecting users with Spotify, Apple Music, Amazon Music, YouTube Music, SoundCloud, Tidal, and Deezer. The most-saved track during the past year was “Die On This Hill” by Sienna Spiro. **Did TikTok have its own music streaming service?**TikTok Music was a separate streaming app launched by ByteDance in July 2023 in 5 markets (Indonesia, Brazil, Australia, Singapore, and Mexico), replacing the earlier Resso service in Brazil and Indonesia, before ByteDance shut it down on November 28 2024. TikTok’s global head of music business development said the closure refocused the company on driving listening on partner streaming services rather than competing with them. **Why did Universal Music Group pull its music from TikTok in 2024?**Universal Music Group’s licensing agreement with TikTok expired on January 31, 2024, without renewal. UMG removed approximately 3 million sound recordings starting February 1, 2024, and approximately 4 million publishing-catalog songs starting March 1, 2024. Both parties acknowledged the prior payout structure was a sticking point; the new agreement covers improved artist remuneration and generative AI protections, and was announced on May 2 2024, ending the approximately three-month blackout. ## Conclusion TikTok now sits at the front of the music industry’s discovery funnel rather than at its periphery. The headline data point bears repeating: **84%** of songs that entered the Global 200 in 2024 went TikTok-viral before they charted. **8 of the 10** Billboard No.1 songs of 2025 followed the same pattern, per TikTok’s Year in Music 2025. TikTok’s save-to-streaming tool processed **6 billion** track saves in the past 12 months, with each save translating into measurable streaming lift on Spotify, Apple Music, and the five other connected services. ByteDance’s standalone TikTok Music streaming app shut down on November 28, 2024, after 17 months. The company has since concentrated on routing discovery into partner streaming services where royalties and per-stream economics already exist. Independent artists have ratified that role: **56%** named TikTok the most important platform for their growth in Ditto Music’s annual survey, compared with the **16%** share that named Spotify. For label executives, A&R teams, marketers, and the artists themselves, the working assumption for the year ahead is straightforward: chart performance now starts on TikTok, and the streaming numbers follow within days, not quarters.